Signs and Symptoms of PTSD in Women

Anyone can experience PTSD as a result of undergoing trauma. But how does PTSD affect women specifically?

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Women are nearly twice as likely as men to develop PTSD in their lifetimes.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can happen to anyone who has experienced or witnessed a traumatic event.

Although PTSD is often associated with military service members, it can affect anyone who experienced a traumatic event, such as:

  • sexual assault
  • natural disasters
  • car accidents
  • abuse
  • hospitalization

Women, in particular, may experience PTSD differently from men. They could be more likely Opens in a new window to experience another mental health condition alongside PTSD, for example.

Women may also experience avoidance Opens in a new window as a symptom of PTSD, as well as depression and anxiety.

Although most people who experience trauma don’t develop PTSD, women are about twice as likely Opens in a new window to develop it as men.

In the United States, approximately 8% of women and 4% of men will develop PTSD in their lifetime, according to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Opens in a new window.

PTSD symptoms in women

Since people process trauma very differently, each person’s experience of PTSD is unique to them. This means everyone will have slightly different symptoms.

Reexperiencing

You might relive the event through nightmares or flashbacks. Common reexperiencing symptoms include:

  • flashbacks or reliving the trauma over and over, including feeling physical symptoms or pain
  • nightmares
  • frightening thoughts

Reexperiencing the trauma can also cause physical symptoms like sweating, heart palpitations, and anxiety.

Avoidance

Sounds, objects, and places that remind you of the traumatic event can cause avoidance. For example:

  • avoiding places, situations, or things that remind you of the traumatic experience
  • avoiding thoughts or feelings related to the traumatic event

Arousal and reactivity

These symptoms are often constant and can make it challenging to complete daily tasks such as concentrating, sleeping, or relaxing.

Examples of these symptoms include:

  • being easily startled
  • feeling tense, anxious, or “on edge”
  • difficulty sleeping
  • experiencing angry outbursts

Cognition and mood symptoms

Cognition and mood symptoms often begin or worsen after the traumatic event and can make you feel detached from friends and family members. These symptoms include:

  • trouble remembering key details of the traumatic event
  • negative thoughts about the world or yourself
  • feelings of guilt, blame, or shame
  • loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed

Cognition and mood symptoms can vary widely between individuals, and how these symptoms manifest may differ based on factors such as gender.

Female veterans, for instance, have been found to experience higher levels of anxiety and PTSD compared to male veterans, according to Opens in a new window the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. However, women are less likely than men to develop substance use disorders following trauma.

Diagnosing PTSD in women

To get a PTSD diagnosis, you’ll need to have symptoms for at least 1 month. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), these symptoms must be severe enough to affect your ability to function at work and at home.

In addition, you must have all the following symptoms for at least 1 month for a PTSD diagnosis to apply:

  • at least one reexperiencing symptom
  • at least one avoidance symptom
  • at least two arousal and reactivity symptoms
  • at least two cognition and mood symptoms

A mental health professional can diagnose PTSD. While it’s expected to have some of these symptoms for a few weeks after a traumatic event, it’s considered PTSD when symptoms last longer than a month and affect your ability to function as usual.

What causes PTSD in women?

Any dangerous, life threatening, or upsetting life event, trauma, or situation can increase the risk of PTSD.

The more serious the trauma — or the more directly it affected you — the higher the risk of developing PTSD afterward. Everyday situations that can cause PTSD include:

  • Violent crimes: surviving or witnessing violent crimes such as shooting, mugging, abuse, or sexual assault
  • A loved one in danger: hearing or seeing someone close to you, such as a child, partner, or relative, experience a trauma
  • Sudden death or illness: witnessing the accidental death, violent death, or serious illness of a loved one
  • War: being exposed to combat or warfare, either through military service or as a civilian
  • Accidents: being involved in any sort of serious accident, such as car accidents, plane or train crashes, sports accidents, or any other type of traumatic accident
  • Natural disasters: living through hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, floods, fires, or any other type of serious natural disaster

Research Opens in a new window has found that women are more likely to experience PTSD than men. The study found that the lifetime prevalence of PTSD is about 10–12% in women and 5–6% in men.

The study suggests that women may have higher rates for a variety of factors, including:

  • greater exposure to high impact trauma (such as sexual trauma at a younger age)
  • heightened acute stress responses
  • differences in coping mechanisms
  • sex-specific psychobiological reactions

This is especially significant given that, according to the National Sexual Violence Resource Center, almost 91% Opens in a new window of sexual assault survivors are women, highlighting their increased risk of experiencing trauma linked to PTSD.

Treating PTSD in women

The main treatments for PTSD are medication and therapy. Since PTSD affects everyone so differently, treatment will likely be personalized to address your specific symptoms.

Treatment can last weeks, months, or longer and may include:

  • Cognitive processing therapy (CPT). CPT is a type of talk therapy that’s often used to help people heal PTSD and related symptoms. Research Opens in a new window involving women with complex PTSD found CPT was an effective care approach for PTSD symptoms.
  • Prolonged exposure therapy. Another form of talk therapy in which a therapist walks you through the traumatic event, prolonged exposure therapy, can help you confront the trauma.
  • Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. In EMDR, you talk about the trauma while focusing on a specific visual item to help you process traumatic memories and change how you react.
  • Medication. Medications, like antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications, may also be part of your treatment to manage PTSD symptoms.

Let’s recap

In the past decade, progress in researching how PTSD affects us has led scientists to focus on better understanding the underlying causes of trauma.

It can be challenging to find support after a traumatic event. Caring for yourself and others is especially important after experiencing trauma.

If you’re unsure where to go for help, you can always check in with your primary care physician. You can also search online for social services, hotlines, or mental health professionals for resources on how to get further help.

This article originally appeared on PsychCentral. © 2025 Healthline Media LLC. All rights reserved. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.
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Last updated: January 31, 2025

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By: Healthline

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